How Ancient Visayans
Revered The Dead
By Trizer D. Mansueto
In 2011, a team of archaeologists led by professor Jose
Eleazar Bersales and several staff members of the National Museum unearthed a
burial site along the shoreline of Barangay Poblacion in San Remigio town,
about 120 kilometers north of Cebu City.
The place is believed to be more than a millennium old
based on the absence of foreign trade goods, such as porcelain ware. It could
be one of the earliest human burial sites in the country.
The discovery particularly confirms what Jesuit Francisco
Ignacio Alcina described in his work about the lives of the Visayan people in
the 17th century.
Like the elaborate death practices in other cultures, it
revealed how the ancient Visayans revered their dead and made sure that they
would have the same comforts they enjoyed when they were alive.
Before the Spaniards arrived, the Visayans buried their
dead mostly along the shoreline in the belief that the soul would panaw (travel
by boat) to saad, the afterlife where he or she would be met by Badadum, the
god of the underworld.
Wooden caskets
To facilitate this, the corpse was placed inside an
elaborately designed boat-shaped coffin.
“Our Bisayans shared something with the civilized
peoples,” Alcina wrote, “concerning the lungun or caskets which they made out
of very hard and incorruptible wood.”
The early Visayans must have truly provided their dead
with the best caskets so that sometimes “there is hardly anything found in
these except a bit of dirt, but the coffins remain intact.”
Although the burials excavated in San Remigio were
without coffins, jars were recovered. These vessels were considered secondary
burials, which could mean that after the flesh had rotten, the relatives of the
deceased exhumed the bones, washed them and placed them inside the jars.
Alcina called these jars ihalasan, since some jars
contained snakes when these were recovered.
A CRUDELY incised burial
jar recovered from the Iron Age site of San Remigio town, Cebu.
Mourning
Like those who die today, the deceased was also prepared
in the past.
Antonio de Pigafetta, the scribe of Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition, was able to document a ritual, two centuries
earlier than Alcina. The practice may now be considered unhygienic but
nonetheless expressed a family’s sense of grief.
When a Visayan datu died, his female relatives performed
the first mourning rituals.
After surrounding the dead, Pigafetta wrote “there is a
woman who cuts off the hair of the deceased. Another, who was the principal
wife of the deceased, lies down upon him, and places her mouth, her hands and
her feet upon those of the deceased. When the former is cutting off the hair,
the latter weeps; and when the former finishes the cutting, the latter sings.”
After the intimate ceremony, herbs that served as balsam
were applied on the cadaver. The body was then placed inside the casket—usually
hewn out of a single trunk together with a tight-fitting lid. The lid had to be
precisely fitted so that “no stench ever escaped, nor any air possible (sic)
enter the casket.”
Despite this, however, corruption of the flesh still took
place.
Coffins in the house
If the datu died, his family may opt to keep the casket
inside a small room in his house or they may “suspend the coffins high and
close to the ceiling.” This practice is now considered taboo.
If the coffin, however, would emit a foul odor, then they
drilled “a hole” which would lead to the corpse.
A bamboo was then cut and cleaned of its knots then “they
placed one end into the hole of the casket and the other into the ground.”
Alcina wrote that the trick sucked out the foul odor from the cadaver.
After a year, the bones were washed and “anointed with
scented oils and then placed into a smaller chest of incorruptible wood.”
Oftentimes, the bones were placed inside huge earthenware jars.
For those coming from different castes, they were often
buried under their houses, called sirum (silong). “Whenever they buried someone in the sirum,
they remained six or seven days and nights making fires around it.”
During the burial, they never took the dead out of the
house through the stairway due to superstitious beliefs. “Therefore, they made
an opening in the front wall for this purpose and quickly block it up lest
anyone who would go through, would die immediately,” Alcina wrote.
Grave goods
Because of foreign trading, the Visayans of Alcina’s time
already had imported bowls and plates which served as grave goods. Alcina
mentioned that these bowls and plates were sometimes placed under the head of
the deceased like pillows. This practice is referred to as bahandi (wealth).
The burial site found in San Remigio did have bowls and
plates, but these were not porcelain ware since the graves were thought to be
from the earlier Iron Age.
Alcina continued: “Aside from this large plate, if it was
a woman, they placed on her breasts two bowls—that is, one on each. Also, a
larger one over the forehead which may even cover the face.”
Besides bowls and plates, they often included gold
jewelry. When Spanish conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in Cebu in
1565, some of his men reportedly looted some of the graves, to the horror of
their relatives.
Just like the existing practice of katapusan, which is
held nine days after a person’s death, a ritual known as pagpasaka (to ascend)
was performed.
They did this by getting “hold of two green bamboos
together with their leaves which they call kaginking. They leaned them against
the house and decorated them with garlands of palm leaves. From these also they
made a kind of stairway which led from the entrance to the ground.”
The ceremony culminated in offering some food, such as
butchered pig, chicken and linupak (a dish of cooked rice). Also part of the
offerings were oil and parina (incense).
A baylana (native priestess) would officiate in a ritual
where the “soul of the deceased was coming to accept what was an offering to
it.”
It was believed that after performing the rites, the
deceased would be contented and would not return to claim his wife, children or
relatives and carry them away with him.
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